HomeMy WebLinkAboutBOREALIS LT 8Borealis
Lo'l- 8
#015-203-06
Municipality of Anchorage Page
Department of Health and Human Services
Division of Environmental Se~ices
On-Site Senaces Section 825 '1.' Sb'eet Room 502
P.O. Box 196650 Anchorage. AK 99519-6650
www.cLanchorage.ak.us (907) 343-4744
ON-SITE WASTEWATER DISPOSAL SYSTEM AND/OR WELL INSPECTION REPORT
Permit Number: SW0003.09 PID Number:. 015-203-06
"'~: Wastewater System: New [] Upgrade
Harrilyn Blankenship
4901 Alpha Circle Anch. AK 99516 ABSORPTION FIELD
345-3064 Three(3) oe,~,.~ s,~o,~,.,~ ,~ ~ oc,~.
LEGAL DESCRIPTION .45 e, ot~r'
8 Borealis I F,. 8
3. - 2.5 F,. 86 ~,.
Well: 3 ~,. 1
Class A F, ~. 1,376 Fe ASTM D3034 PVC
r~ A Plus 6/26,27/00
SEPARATION DISTANCES E3 septic I-I Holding I-I $.T.E.P. I-I Othe~.
~ Septic Abso~tJon Lift Holding ,ublic/Pfi-~te
Tank Field Stat,on Tank S~,~U~ Anchora§e Tank 3.,000
w,, ,200' >200' N/A N/A >25' Steel Two (2)
F~,~,~ >5' >10' N/A N/A ~. .
e,,~,,~None Noted. ~,,,,oa,,o~ ~,.,-~-.,.-~,,...~ .....
~ · BENCH MARK .
Existin§ S~pt]c Tank Abandoned. Septic Tank
Pumped, Crushed and Backfilled On Si{e. Bull Run Top of Beck on EaSt Side of
Diverter Valve Placed and E~istin~ Absorption . 100.0 ~.'
Trench Tied In to New System. Insulation Placed
Over Septic Tank and Westerly 46' of New Trench. · . Engfr~e~'s'~{amp ·
Inspections performed by: MEA Dates: 1'~· 6/26¢00 ';.: .49
Department-- -:---;~- . ~-~ ,.z-°f Health and H~man Services approval ~ ~:;... .-',-~
Reviewed and approved b Date: ~
Municipality of Anchorage Page 2 of 3
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES DIVISION
P.O. Box 196650 -Anchorage, AK 99519-6650 -343-4744
On-Site Wastewater Disposal System or Well Inspection Report
Permit Number SW00109
PID No. 015-203-06
'lO''~ility Basemen~
M
A B
S1 14.7 52.8
S2 21.7 52.0
C4 67.8 134.4
C5 74.3 55.9
M1 66.0 112.1
M2 75.5 58.0 ' '
-, Four Bedroom llome
Tree~
1 Run ~iyerter
valve
ALPHA CIRCLE
PLAN AS-BUILT
SCALE 1" = 20'
C4
· Page 3 of 3
Municipality of Anchorage
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES DIVISION
P.O. Box 196650 - Anchorage, AK 99519-6650 - 343-4744
On-Site Wastewater Disposal System or Well Inspection Report
Permit Number SW00109
PID No. 015-203-06
LEGEND
Septic Tank Cleanout
Bull Run Diverter Valve
C - System Cleanout
M - Honitor Tube
91.5
/
88.8
2" Insulation Westerl' 46")
Drainfield~.~f
/%o'
Geotextile Fabric
Rock
88.8
.4
74.0~
Municipality f Anchorage
G¢or.qe 15 1I ue~ch, M~t!lor
Buthllng Safety Dh'tsion
P.O. Ik~x 19(~,50 · -'[700 S. llragaw Street
Anchorage, Alaslm .qOSlg-fXkr'g) * (~7) gg-sq01
&7/2001 h t Ii~://~a~v.cl.m~chomgc.ak.us
Harrilyn Blankenship
4901 Alpha Cir.
Anchorage AK
Subject:
Expired On-Site Water and/or Wastewater Permit.
Permit Number: SW000109,
Parcel ID: #015-203-06
Dear Harrilyn Blankenship:
An On-Site WatedWastewater Permit, number SW000109, issued by this office for a
single-family system, expired on May 17, 2001. This permit was valid for 365 calendar
days.
If this was a well permit and the well has been drilled, a well log must be sent to this
office for documentation of the installation and to close the permit.
If this permit was for a wastexvater disposal system, an original as-built inspection report
must be sent to this office for review, approval and documentation. This as-built
inspection report must be signed by the licensed Professional Engineer who inspected the
installation of the system. As-built inspection reports are required to be submitted within
30 days of the completion of the system.
If no system was installed under this permit, and you are still planning to install a well or
wastewater disposal system, a new permit must be obtained from this office. When
applying for a new permit, the fees are: $320.00 for a wastewater permit and $120.00 for
a well permit.
If you have any questions, please call this office at 343-7904.
Sincerely,
'{Letters Sent 6/7/01 without copies being made, second printing for file copies}
James Cross, PE
Manager
On-Site Water and Wastewater Program
enc: Copy of permit
MUNICIPALITY OF ANCHORAGE
Department of Heai~h and Human Services
On-Site Services Program
825 L Street, Room 502
P.O. Box f96650, Anchorage, AK 9951~-6650
(~07) 343-4744
ON-SITE WASTEWATER DISPOSAl SYSTEM PERMIT
Upgrade
Date Issued: May 17, 2000
Expiration Date: May 17, 2001
Permit Number: SW000109
Legal Description: BOREALIS LT 8
Design Engineer: 0014 Anderson Engineering
Owner Name: Harrilyn Blankenship
Owner Address: 4901 Alpha Cir.
Anchorage, AK 99516-
Parcel ID: 015-203-06
Total Bedrooms: 3
Site Address: 004901 ALPHA CIR
Lot Size: 16855 SQ. FT.
Permit Bedrooms: 4
This permit is for the construction of:
[] Disposal Field [] Septic Tank [] Holding Tank [] Privy
[] Private Well [] Water Storage
All construction must be in accordance with:
1. The attached approved design.
2. All requirements specified in Anchorage Municipal Code Chapters 15.55 and 15.65 and the State of Alaska
Wastewater Disposal Regulations ( 18AAC72 ) and Drinking Water Regulations ( 18AAC80 ).
3. The engineer must notify DHHS at least 2 hours prior to each inspection. Provide notification by calling
(907) 343-4744 ( 24 hours ). ( Not required for a Water Supply Permit only ).
4. From October 15 to April 15, a subsurface soil absorption system under construction during freezing weather
must be either: A. Open and closed on the same day.
B. Covered, sealed, and heated to prevent freezing.
Issued By: ~ ? ~
Date:
ANDERSON, ENGINEERING.
" . ~NCHORAGE,'AK' 99524. ''-
~:.~22:-6779 (FAX: . :
May 9, 2000
Muni~:ipality of Anchorage
Department of Health and Hu man Services
825 "L" Street
A, nchorage, AK 99502-0650
Subject:
Lot 8, Borealis Subdivision
Septic System Design and Permit Applicatioh
Impacts to Adjacent Properties
Dear Onsite Services Engineer:.
The existing absorption trench On Lot 8, Borealis Subdivision has failed and effluent is
currently noted .on the ground surface. It is imperative the system be upgraded
immediately to prevent damage to pdvate property and to eliminate a possible health
hazard, We are therefore requesting 'a permit be issued as soon as possible-to
construct a new absorption trench to serve the four bedroom house on the .lot.. The
attached Site Plan and backup documentation show the location and configuration of
the new absorption trench as well as the existing trench. The subdivision is served by a
community wa!er s,.ystem and all separation distances from the Class A well are met.
No conflicts exist with adjacent lots.
A test hole was recently placed on the lot to find an acceptable location for the new
absorption trench, The hole revealed silty gravel which percolated at 40 minutes per
inch. This rate is slower than the'rate used to design the original absorption trench.
That trench, however, has been in service for more than 20 years and ha'; apparently
worked well up till now. Groundwater was noted during the excavation at a depth of 14'
and was monitored at 13' during the ensuing period. We have therefore designed a
.'deep trench absorption system with 8' of gravel beneath the distribution lateral. The
lateral will be placed at 1'below the ground surface and the total depth of the trench
will be 9' below existing ground to provide 4' separation from groundwater. Insulation
over the trench or mounding will be required to prevent freezing.
The existing septic tank will be exposed to determine whether it Is suitable for continued
use. 'It will be replaced if necessary. Two new post tank cleanouts will be placed and a
new Zabel Flow D verter Valve. The existing trench will be tied in to the new system,
but will receive no flow until it rejuvenates itself. The new trench will receive all septic
effluent at this time.
The lot surface slopes from south to north at between 5% and 10%.' The absorption
trench will be placed with'the slope of the property in conformance with Municipal
'requirements, Attempts will be made not to damag,e, existing mature trees in the back
yard of the house. This, however, may not be possible due to the length of the trench
' and the minimal area available for the septic upgrade.
Lot 8, Borealis Subdivision
May 9,' 2000.
Page Two
If the system is constructed in accordance with our design the following statements
apply: . - '
I. - The system, if constructed 'as designed, will have no adverse impact on the wells
in the area or those to be constructed in the future.
The system, if constructed as designed, will have no adverse impact on existing
septic systems in the area or those to be constructed In the future.
The system, if constructed as designed, will hav~ no'adverse impact on reserved
space, either surface or subsurface, On any lots located in the area.
4 The system, if constructed as designed, will have no adverse impact on drainage
'patterns in the area. The current drainage pattern will be maintained.
Sincerely,
Michael E. Anderson, P.E.
Attachments
/
10' Utility Easement
New 85'.Long
X 8' Effect1~
Absorption Tx
Depth 9' Bel¢
· Trees Ground
Tie In Old
Absorption
Trench
,Zabel Flow Diverter Valve
Post Tank Cleanouts
:ify Existing Septic Tank
)lace If Necessary
Four Bedroom Home
3' Wide
Depth
nch. Total
Existing
ALPHA CIRCLE
..... --...~.
-. , SITE PLAN
' - ~ SCALE 1" = 20'
LOT 8, BOREALIS SUBDIVISION
DESIGN FACTORS:
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS:
Four Bedroom Home
Perc. Rate: 40 Min./Inch
Application Rate: .45 GPD/SF
Deep Trench System
1,250 Gallon Septic Tank
8' Dralnfleld Rock
4 Bedrooms X 150 GPD I .45 GPD/SF = 1,334 SF of Absorption Area
1,334 SF/16 SF/ LF of Trench = 83.4 LF Trench Length
Therefore: Construct a Deep Absorption Trench System With One Lateral 85'
in Length with 8' of Dralnfleld Rock Beneath the Distribution Pipe.
Distribution Pipe in Trench Placed at 1' Below the Original Ground Surface.
Total Depth to be 9' From Orlginal Ground Surface. Insulate or'Mound Over
Trench to Provide a Minimum of 3' of Cover.
.5'
8.0I
NOTE:
Natural '
Backfill
Geotextile ·
Fabric
4" PVC }loles Down
Drainfield Rock
3;0'
I
TYPICAL DEEP TRENCH SECTION
(NO SCALE)
.
Grade Area Over Trench to Drain Away. .
Provide 3' Cover Over Trench and 4' Over Tank or
Maintain 10' Separation From Lot Line. ..~.%~'.. ..~.,~...~.~;~;
Maintain 10' Separation ~rom Water Service line. ~ ~;~ ;~% ~,
Maintain 100' Separation From All Wells ,.~.m~.~_~ ..... ~.~,,
~.-~a'"P"T'i' //~
Municipality of Anchorage
Department of Health & Human Services
825 L Street, Anchorage, AK 99502-0650
SOILS LOG - PERCOLATION TEST
Performed For: Harrilyn Blankenshi!3
Legal Description: Lot 8. Borealis Subdivision
OG/OL
6
7
9
10
11
GM
Silty Gravel
Was Groundwater
Encountered?
If Yes, What Depth?
Depth to Water
After Monitoring
Date:
SLOPE
North
South
Yes
14'
13'
5/9/00
SITE PLAN
See Site Plan
S
L
O
P
E
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
SM
Bottom of
Hole
Reading Date Gross Net Depth To Net
Time Time Water Drop
I 5/2/00 19:07 2.75"
2 19:37 30 3.5" .75"
3 20:07 30 4.25". .75"
4 20:37 30 5" .75"
21
Perc. Rate: 40 Min./Inch Perc. Hole Diameter: 8"
Test Run Between 4 Ft. and 5 Ft.
Comments: Testhole Presoaked Prior to Percolation Test. Design System for 60 Min.llnct~.
Performed By: Mike Anderson. I, ~ Certify That This Test Was Performed
In Accordance With All State and Municipal Guidelines In Effect On This Date: 5/9/00
ON-SITE WASTEWATER DISPOSAL SYSTEM
CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS
SUBJECT: LOT 8, BOREALIS SUBDIVISION
GENERAL:
The scope of this project inc. ludes the exposing and inspection of the
existing septic tank and verification for continued use. If the tank is
found to be damaged work will include the procurement and
placement of a new 1,250 gallon septic tank. It also includes the
construction of two post tank cleanouts and a Zabel Flow Diveder
Valve. The existing absorption trench will be tied into the new system
with the valve allowing flow only to the new 85' long x 3' wide x 8'
effective depth absorption trench to be constructed at the location
shown on the attached Site Plan. The total depth from odginal ground
of the new trench will be 9' below ground surface. Insulation will be
required over the trench or mounding to provide a minimum of 3' of
cover to prevent freezing. Existing trees should not be disturbed if at
all possible.
Construction shall be in accordance with the approved site plan,
design drawings, Municipal Permit with any special provisions or
conditions, and all applicable State and Municipal Wastewater
Disposal Regulations..
The Contractor shall be responsible for obtaining all underground utility
locates and for the layout of the septic system and verification of the
location of all lot lines.
.4.
o
Unless specifically agreed otherwise, the contractor shall' be
responsible for final grading areas subsequently depressed from soil
settling. Property owner shall be responsible for revegetation of
affected areas unless specifically agreed otherwise.
Contractors installing wastewater disp~)sal systems must be certified
'by the Municipal Department of Health and Human Services for
system installations. Owners installing their own systems must receive
prior approval from D.H.H.S. before beginning system installation.
SEPTIC TANK INSTALLATION
1. The new 1,250 gallon septic tank, if required, must be procured from
an approved source and installed at the location shown on the plans.
2. A septic tank is to be constructed by a certified septic tank
manufacturer. Construction shall include two 4" cleanouts for pumping
access.
3..The septic tank shall be sufficiently bedded to prevent settling or
shifting of the tank.
4. All standpipes on the septic tank shall extend a minimum of 12 inches
above final grade.
· · t
Lot 8, Borealis Subdivision
May 9, 2000
Page 2 of 3
5. Tanks installed without 4' of cover shall have a minimum of 2" of direct
burial insulation.
6. A foundation cleanout shall be installed one to four feet from the
building foundation. Two cleanouts are required between the tank and
the drainfleld.
7. Final grading over the tank shall be such that a positive slope exists
away from the septic tank.
DRAINFIELD CONSTRUCTION:
1. The drainfield shall be c(~nstructed to the dimensions shown on the
design. The bottom of the trench shall be within 2" of level.
Distribution piping must be placed level with perforations down atop a
level bed of drainfield rock. Rock should then be placed over the pipe
to provide a minimum of 2" of cover.
3. A silt barrier or geotextile fabric must be placed between the drainfield
rock and the natural soil backfill.
Monitor tubes must be 4" in diameter and installed at the locations
shown on the design. The portion below ground must be perforated.
5. Contractor shall verify the septic tank and drainfield are a minimum
.. 100' away from any pdvate water wells in the area, 150' from a Class
"C" Well or 200' from any community well.
Direct bury insulation must be placed over the distribution system if
less than 3' of backfill depth is available. Finish grade over the trench
· must be mounded to prevent settlement or depressions.
7. Grade area surrounding the absorption trenches to drain away.
A minimbm 2' of accepting soil is required below the drainfield rock for
a 5' wide trench. Contractor shall vedfy this condition pdor to
placement of the rock. All pockets of unacceptable materials must be
removed and replaced.
MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Septic tanks must be constructed by a municipally approved septic
tank manufacturer.
2. The following pipe materials are approved for use in septic system
installations in the Municipality of Anchorage:
Cast Iron (perforated and solid), ASTM D3034 or P.V.C. (perforated
and solid), ASTM F810 or H.D.P.E. (perforated, but not solid) and
ASTM D2662 or A.B.S. (perforated and solid).
3. Insulation shall be at least 2" thick extruded direct burial polystyrene
(Dow Chemical Co. Styrofoam HI or equal).
Lot 8, Borealis Subdivision
May 9, 2000
Page 3 of 3
4. Septic tank inlets and outlets shall be fitted with watertight couplings
(Caulder, Femco, or equal).
5. A permeable geotextile fabric (Typar, Mirafi or equal) must be installed
between the final drain rock layer and the native soil layer.
6. All drain rock shall be .5" to 2.5" in diameter with less than 3% passing
the #200 sieve.
INSPECTIONS:
Municipal Ordinance. requires a minimum of two inspections. These
inspections must be conducted under the supervision of a professional
engineer registered in the State of Alaska. The first inspection must be
conducted after the excavation of trenches, beds or pits and before the
installation of any gravel. A septic tank may be set in place, but may not
be backfilled.
The second inspection must be conducted after the placement of the
geotextile fabric, gravel, distribution piping, standpipes, cleanouts and
insulation. No backfill should be in place at the time of inspection.
Contractor shall provide a copy of all field survey layout and construction
notes for use in preparing the certified as-built of the completed system.
OI
GRE~,,ER ANCHORAGE AREA BOR..JGH
Department of Environmental Quality
3330 C Street
Anchorage, Alaska 99503
INSPECTION REPORT ON-SITE SEWAGE DI.S]POSAL SYSTEM
~ ............... .~,.z - ~ ...... ~-- ---
SEPTIC TANK:
DISTANCE~/?,,..,~,~ %1¢,//~'~ :~'~,"L
FROM WELL'-.-~ '- /''¢~ MANUFACTURER MATERIAL
INSIDE LENGTH /~'2 / INSIDE WIDTH LIQUID DEPTH
NUMBER OF
COMPARTMENTS
LIQUID CAPACITY ) ~' ~'~-d)
GALLONS.
TILE DRAIN FIELD: ,~ ~ 1/~,~) /
DISTANCE FROM WELL~,,¢'~"'~'~I ~'FOUNOATION .... NEAREST LOT UNE /:
NUMBER OF LINES / DISTAMCE BETWEEN LINE& _ . TRENCH WIDTH ~ /IN.
ABSORPTION AREA~ ~-- SQ. FT. LERGTH OF EACH LINE
DEPTH:
/
OF LINES
TOTAL EFFECTIVE
TOP OF TI O FINISH GRADE __MATERIAL BENEATH TILE ' 'IN. ABOVE TILE
IN.
WELL:
TYPE ,~ (4 '"';2~ d)C O NST R U CT ' O N
DEPTH DISTANCE FROM:
BUILDING NEAREST NEAREST SEPTIC SEEPAGE
FOUNDATION__ LOT LINE____ SEWER LINE , TANK .... SYSTEM
CESSPOOL _
OTHER SOURCES
APPROVED DISAPPROVED
DISTANCES:
SEWER LINE DEPTH:
PIPE MATERIAL:
LOT SLOPE:
REMARKS
DIAGRAM OF SYSTEM
REMARKS: __
Form EQ-032
PERMIT NO. ':; 76846
APPLICANT
LOCATION
L. EGRL
MUM I C:
DEPARTMENT ._. HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL
25t6 E. TLI[:,OR RD.., ANCHORAGE., Ak:. 99507
276-222t
-"'.=-;; E
~ANDOR CONSTRUCTIO~
ALPHA CIRCLE
L8 BOREALIS SUBD
34.24 THOMF'SON
LC)T' SIZE :1.6855 SC!UARE F'E:'ET
'I"'T'F'E OF SOIL. ABSORBTION SYSTEM IS: TRENCH
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF BEDROOMS = 4
SO I L RRTI NG ,:: Sr.::! FT,.."BR ::, = 250
THE REC!LIIRED SIZE OF' THE SOl[_ ABSORPTION S'¢STEM IS:
[::. El F" 'l- H == J_ 2.'. L_ E f-~ ~'3 "l- H = ~; 2: ,..S F-: R '..-' El b. i::, E F' 'T H == :E:
'I'HE LENGTH DIP1ENSION IS 'THE LENGTH (IN FEET') OF ]"HE TRENCH OF;'. [:,RAINFIEI...D.
THE DEPTH OF A TRENCH OR F'IT IS THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE SURFFH:.':E OF THE
GROUND AND THE BOTTOM OF' ]"HE EXCAVATION (IN FEET).
THERE IS NO SET WIDTH FOR TRENCHES.
THE GRAVEL DEPTH IS THE MINIMUM DEPTH OF GRAVEL BETWEEN THE OUTF'ALL F'IF'E
AND THE BOTTOM OF THE EXCR'v'ATION (IN FEET).
P' R E]: ~=:'] R ~.]i E F' L R I'-.I "l- ~.-.: E: ,]:~ lj I E: E [:,
E II"HER A CLASS I OR II NSF APPROVED PLANT MR'¢ BE INSTALL. ED.
A CONTINUOUS I"IAINTENRNCE AGREEMENT IS REQUIRED. IF' A MAINTENANCE
AGREEMENT IS NOT KEPT CURF.:ENT 'T'OU MA'¢ BE REC!UIRED TO ENLARGE THE SOIL.
ABSORPTION SYSTEM RND,."'OR '¢OU MA~¢ BE SUBJECT TO PROSECUTION.
IF' A C:LRSS I S'T'STEM IS USED ]"HE L. ENGTH Ib 4 .... 0
-' .' 5 FEE:~.
IF A P -c',= ,- .... ' ....... '
..L.M ....II S'¢STEM IS U~E[.' THE LENG]"H IS; "~7' ~ FEET.
E:ACKFILLZNG OF AN'T' S'¢STEM WI THOUT FINAL INSF'EC:TION AND APF'RO'v'AL E:'T' THIS
[:'EPAR'f'MENT WILL E:E SUB..TEE:]' TO PROSECUTION.
MINIMUM DISTANCE BETWEEN A WELL AND AN'¢ ON-SITE SEWAGE DISPOSAL. S'¢S"FE:M :I:S
±00 FEET FOR A PRIVATE 14ELL OR 200 FEET EOR A PUBLIC 1.4ELI._.
SPECIFICATIONS AND CONSTR. UCTION [:,IAGRAMS'?ARE AVAILABLE TO INSUF.:E F'ROPER
I Ns"r RLLAT I ON.
F'E:F::f-'I [ 1'- "-.-"RL_
I CERTIF'¢ THRI"
:t.: I AM FRMIL. IRR WITH THE REC!UIREMENTS FOR ON-SITE SEWERS AND WE:LI_.S FtS ,S~_:T
FORTH B'¢ THE MUNICIPRLI~¢ OF ANCHORA:]E.
2: I WILL ,,INSTALL THE STSTEM IN RF:IZ:OR[:,RNCE WITH THE C:IZE:,ES.
~: I UN[:,ERSTRN[:, 'THAT THE ON-SITE SEWER S'¢STEM MR'¢ REQUIRE ENL~EI"IE~T, I~ THE
EESI[:,ENC:E IS REMO[:,ELED TO INC:I_U[:,E MORE THAN 4 E:EDROOMS.
v ..... ............
~;.,~;,> , Anchorage, A! as ka 99b03
,, . · _- .~,,,..s ,.o~: ,,,,'..o~.~,~o~ 'r~,:~,~
This form reports' Soi'ls log Percolation
_F_eet _ ~
i ~- / ,~? ~_.,, >L. ....
10-
11'-
13 '
Was ground water encountered?
Reading
If yes, at wi)at depth?
Net'Time.[__Del)th to ~%ter Net brop
-~oz~__ _~_,x_z¥~~~ .... ' ...............
brain Field
IIupLh of [nle]:.---,,~.. . Deptl'T-"t"6']i~'~-t~n-'~¥-i~it u.~r trench ....... ~ ......................
............. ~..¢2~.~ ....~.m..~.~.~.~ ~e~ ~,
P,',rro,-m~,~ by. '~ ~ m'~ c/~ '- c~,~ti ri~['~y'.'"~ ~'~ -~7-~ '~i;1};":"'7~: ...... 4
' '. ............................... ' ' '-~ .... ~.. ~ ,.~ ....' '..,.~.~ ~z ~